According to Andrea, a Battery Management System (BMS) is any electronic device that manages a rechargeable battery pack by performing four critical tasks: battery management systems davide andrea pdf link

3. Measurement and sensing: accuracy and calibration

• Voltage measurement: resolution and accuracy requirements; techniques to measure many cells (multiplexing, stacked ADCs); importance of common-mode rejection and input protection.
• Temperature measurement: multiple thermistors/RTDs distributed across the pack; placement strategies to capture gradients.
• Current measurement: trade-offs between shunt accuracy and isolation; drift, offset calibration, and temperature compensation.
• Calibration strategies: factory calibration, in-field recalibration, self-test, and verification routines.

What are Battery Management Systems?